A type of new vaccine which comprises of RNA and helps in defeating COVID-19

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During 1916, i.e., a century ago, a type of viral disease got spread in New York on 26th July. After 24 hours, different polio cases were increased to around 68%. This outbreak results in deaths of approximately 2000-2500 people within New York City. Within the United States, polio resulted in deaths of about 6000 or more than that within 1916, while it left thousands of people to become paralyzed. Scientists identified poliovirus for a very long time, but it still took 50 more years to develop the vaccine. This vaccine helped in getting rid of polio within the US alone in a decade. Vaccine development aids in fighting the disease. It is one of the modern immunization techniques that helps in fighting the disease.

COVID-19 infection spreader all over the world and affected around half a million individuals all over the globe while killing around 22000 patients worldwide. Scientists and researchers believe that there is an urgent need to develop a vaccine and get rid of these infections, which results in the death of people worldwide. If the scientists start developing a conventional vaccine, it will take around 16-20 years on average.

HOW TO DEVELOP A VACCINE FOR COVID-19 IMMEDIATELY?

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Immunologists have tried to develop the vaccine along with the antibody therapeutics. The novel vaccine candidates are now successfully developed for a protective treatment based on antibodies. The antibody-based therapeutic option will help in preventing the disease within 90 days. Fast-track sprints similar to these are included as a part of the Pandemic Protection Platform Program, which is controlled by the Defense Advanced Research Agency of the US Department of Defense that helps in identifying and deploying the protective antibody therapeutic option against such viral outbreaks like SARS-COV-2. Other colleagues in the same department are also working to develop a new vaccine for the same viral infection COVID-19.

BRIEFING OVER THE VACCINES:

Vaccines result in the training of the immune system, which aids in recognizing the signature viral proteins i.e., antigen. SARS-COV-2, along with other coronaviruses, are named so because they have crown-like spikes present over the surface. The surface of the coronaviruses has three types of proteins on the envelope, spike, or membrane, which are encapsulated by the RNA strand. The RNA molecule comprises genetic instructions that form the virus structure. The coronaviruses do not create any components of their own; instead they transfer within the respiratory system of the patients and attack the lung cells through the spike proteins which are present over their surface. Once the RNA of the coronavirus enters the lung cell, they start producing RNA proteins of their own and result in the replication of thousands of novel viruses that cause transmission of the disease.

The only way to stop the disease is to develop a vaccine which identifies the external agent and prevents the body against infections. Vaccines are purely prepared from the essential viral components like a membrane, spike, or envelope proteins. These proteins are injected within the body leading to activation of the immune system against the preview of viral components. It allows the immune system to protect the body in cases where viruses with specific proteins show up in real.

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The vaccine formation takes several years, especially for the protein-based viral vaccines. For example, human papillomavirus, rotavirus took around several decades for the production of vaccines. The vaccines which are based on proteins need mass production for the viral proteins within the facilities that offer complete purity. This entire procedure for the viral protein production and its vaccines takes around years and, medically acceptable scales are appropriate for this whole process. There have been other epidemics as well, such as AIDS, Ebola, and others for which there are no vaccines yet.

WHAT IS THE PROCESS OF FORMING A NEW VACCINE IMMEDIATELY?

For this widespread virus-like SARS-COV-2, there are many researchers and scientists at Vanderbilt where alternative approaches are used. In the latest method used by the researchers, a new type of vaccine i.e., mRNA vaccines are produced where these vaccines carry specific molecular instructions for the production of viral proteins. In conventional vaccines, viral proteins are used for immunization, whereas in the mRNA vaccine, synthetic mRNA from the virus is inserted within the host, where it starts producing viral proteins. The outstanding advantage of the mRNA vaccine is that there is no need for the production of viral proteins, and it helps in saving extended time, such as several months or years.

The mRNA vaccines work similarly to the natural viral infections, but they have a smaller synthetic version of such viral mRNA that encodes the antigen proteins. The mRNA in vaccines cannot mutate the human’s chromosomes due to which they are considered safe. These vaccines are also regarded as safe because they do not become active in human beings and do not result in contamination of proteins.

TRAIL FOR MRNA VACCINE AGAINST COVID-19:

mRNA 1273 vaccine for COVID-19 is ready for trail among humans, which was announced on 24^th February by Modern Inc. this mRNA vaccine is encoded for the stable type of SARS-COV-2 spike proteins. This use of mRNA vaccines within the human body is not new. Scientists have been working on mRNA vaccines for two decades, where the external supply of mRNA is seen to be translated to encoded protein. mRNA vaccines have not been found stable in the past years due to which, in today’s vaccine, certain chemical modifications were made to stabilize the vaccine by the sue of liquid Nanoparticles.

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ANTIBODIES WHICH ARE RNA-BASED:

mRNA is available in vaccine form along with it in the way of IV drugs. In the form IV drugs, mRNA results in the encoding of antibody proteins, which then attack the virus. When the physicians inject mRNA in the human bodies, after screening, the immediate formation of antibodies is seen. This procedure for the production of proteins faces some drawbacks due to the inefficient purification, reduced yields, or incorrect modification of the proteins. Various studies have been conducted at Vanderbilt on macaques and mice where antibody production by the use of mRNA was seen against viruses in the past like Chikungunya. The mRNA infusion offers protection against the infection, but still, it is undergoing some clinical trials for successful results.

Similarly, antibodies are extracted against SARS-COV-2 from the survivors. These instructions for the active formation of antibodies are then encoded in the form of mRNA, which is then used for patients with urgent care. Several promising approaches can offer protection against COVID-19, but all of them are under trial due to which preventive measures remains our only solution to the pandemic.